1. Present Simple
It is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements.
Formula:
S + V-1
Examples:
1. He drinks tea at breakfast.
2. We catch the bus every morning.
3. Water freezes at zero degrees.
4. Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
5. His mother arrives tomorrow.
2. Present Continuous
It is used to describe an action that is going on at this moment.
Formula:
S + am/is/are + present participle/V-ing
Examples:
1. She is brushing the bathroom floor.
2. I’m driving a car to Bandung now.
3. I’m spending my holiday on Kuta beach next month.
4. The buses are arriving in an hour.
5. Why is the wild dog always barking at me?
3. Present Perfect
It is used to describe an action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.
Formula:
S + have/has + past participle/V-3
Examples:
1. They haven't lived here for years.
2. I have worked hard this week.
3. They have seen that film six times.
4. Have you just finished work?
5. She has studied Japanese, Russian, and English.
4. Past Definite
It is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. it is associated with certain past time expressions for example, a definite point in time. (last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago)
Formula:
S + V-2
Examples:
1. We saw a good film last week.
2. Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.
3. She finished her work atseven o'clock.
4. I went to the theatre last night.
5. I studied civil engineering for almost 4 years.
5. Past Continuous
It used to describe actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.
Formula:
S + was/were + present participle/V-ing
Examples:
1. The team was playing football all day yesterday.
2. They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
3. Jade was skiing when she broke her leg.
4. When we arrived she was having a bath.
5. When the fire started I was watching netflix.
6. Past Perfect
It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.
Formula:
S + had + past participle/V-3
Examples:
1. The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
2. She had just left the room when the police arrived.
3. When he came last night, the cake had run out.
4. I had already eaten breakfast by the time he picked me up.
5. He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.
7. Future
The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty.
Formula:
• S + will + bare infinitive
• S + be (is/am/are) + going to + bare infinitive)
Examples:
1. It will rain tomorrow.
2. I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.
3. Wait a minute. I will change my clothes.
4. He is going to go to French to continue his study.
5. I will come if they invite me.
8. Future Perfect
it is used to express an action which, the speaker assumes, will have completed or occurred in the future. It gives a senses of completion of a task that will happen in the future.
Formula:
S + will + have + V-3/past participle
Examples:
1. We will have arrived in the States by the time you get this letter.
2. At this time next month, I’ll have finished my English course.
3. By this time next week, we will have lived in this house for 5 years.
4. Before he comes, the table will have been prepared.
5. At this time next month, I’ll have finished my oracle course.
9. Conditional Sentences
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen.
9.1. Zero Conditional
In zero conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present.
9.2. Type 1 Conditional
In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future.
9.3. Type 2 Conditional
In a Type 2 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional
9.4. Type 3 Conditional
In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional.
Formula:
Type 0: if + simple present, simple present
Type 1: if + simple present, will + bare infinitive
Type 2: if + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive
Type 3: if + past perfect, would/should/could/might have + past participle
Examples:
Type 0: If we burn paper, it becomes ash.
Type 1: If I meet her, I will introduce myself.
Type 2: If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
Type 3: If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.